| Syntax: | include math.e x = abs(x) |
| Description: | Returns the absolute value of each element of x |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
x = abs({10.5, -12, 3})
-- x is {10.5, 12, 3}
i = abs(-4)
-- i is 4
| |
| See Also: | sign |
| Syntax: | include math.e x2 = arccos(x1) |
| Description: | Return an angle with cosine equal to x1. |
| Comments: | The argument, x1, must be in the range -1 to +1 inclusive.
A value between 0 and PI radians will be returned. This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. arccos() is not as fast as arctan(). |
| Example: | |
s = arccos({-1,0,1})
-- s is {3.141592654, 1.570796327, 0}
| |
| See Also: | cos, arcsin, arctan |
| Syntax: | include math.e x2 = arcsin(x1) |
| Description: | Return an angle with sine equal to x1. |
| Comments: | The argument, x1, must be in the range -1 to +1 inclusive.
A value between -PI/2 and +PI/2 (radians) will be returned. This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. arcsin() is not as fast as arctan(). |
| Example: | |
s = arcsin({-1,0,1})
-- s is {-1.570796327, 0, 1.570796327}
| |
| See Also: | sin, arccos, arctan |
| Syntax: | x2 = arctan(x1) |
| Description: | Return an angle with tangent equal to x1. |
| Comments: | A value between -PI/2 and PI/2 (radians) will be returned.
This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. arctan() is faster than arcsin() or arccos(). |
| Example: | |
s = arctan({1,2,3})
-- s is {0.785398, 1.10715, 1.24905}
| |
| See Also: | tan, atan2, arcsin, arccos |
| Syntax: | include math.e a3 = atan2(a1, a2) |
| Description: | calculate the arctangent of y/x |
| Example: | |
a = atan2(10.5, 3.1) -- a is 1.283713958 | |
| See Also: | arctan, tan, arcsin, arccos |
| Syntax | include math.e a = average(x) |
| Description | Compute the average of all the argument's elements |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
a = average({8.5, 7.25, 10, 18.75})
-- a is 11.125
| |
| See Also: | sum, max, min |
| Syntax: | include math.e i = ceil() |
| Description: | Computes next higher argument's integers. Returns the integers that are greater or equal to each element in the argument. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
sequence nums
nums = {8, -5, 3.14, 4.89, -7.62, -4.3}
nums = ceil(nums) -- {8, -5, 4, 5, -7, -4}
| |
| See Also: | floor, round, round_to |
| Syntax: | x2 = cos(x1) |
| Description: | Return the cosine of x1, where x1 is in radians. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
x = cos({.5, .6, .7})
-- x is {0.8775826, 0.8253356, 0.7648422}
| |
| See Also: | sin, tan, log, sqrt |
| Syntax: | include math.e x2 = deg2rad(x1) |
| Description: | Convert an angle measured in degrees to an angle measured in radians |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or sequence. |
| Example: | |
x = deg2rad(194) -- x is 3.385938749 | |
| See Also: | rad2deg |
| Syntax: | include math.e E |
| Description: | base of the natural logarithm |
| Example: | |
x = E -- x is 2.718281828459045235 | |
| See Also: |
| Syntax: | include math.e x = exp(2) |
| Description: | calculate E to the n'th power |
| Example: | |
x = exp(5.4) -- x is 221.4064162 | |
| See Also: | power |
| Syntax: | x2 = floor(x1) |
| Description: | Return the greatest integer less than or equal to x1. (Round down to an integer.) |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
y = floor({0.5, -1.6, 9.99, 100})
-- y is {0, -2, 9, 100}
| |
| See Also: | ceil remainder round, round_to |
| Syntax: | x2 = log(x1) |
| Description: | Return the natural logarithm of x1. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
of a sequence. Note that log is only defined for positive
numbers. Your program will abort with a message if you
try to take the log of a negative number or zero.
To compute the inverse, you can use power(e, x) where e is 2.7182818284590452... |
| Example: | |
a = log(100) -- a is 4.60517 | |
| See Also: | log10, sin, cos, tan, power, sqrt |
| Syntax: | include math.e x2 = log10(x1) |
| Description: | Return the base 10 logarithm of x1. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. Note that log10 is only defined for positive numbers. Your program will abort with a message if you try to take the log of a negative number or zero. |
| Example: | |
a = log10(12) -- a is 2.48490665 | |
| See Also: | log, sin, cos, tan, power, sqrt |
| Syntax: | include math.e a = max(x) |
| Description: | Computes the maximum value among all the argument's elements. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
a = max({10,15.4,3})
-- a is 15.4
| |
| See Also: | average, min, sum |
| Syntax: | include math.e a = min(x) |
| Description: | Computes the minimum value among all the argument's elements. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
a = min({10,15.4,3})
-- a is 3
| |
| See Also: | average, max, sum |
| Syntax: | include math.e PI |
| Description: | PI (3.141592653589793238) has been defined as a global constant. |
| Comments: | Enough digits have been used to attain the maximum accuracy possible for a Euphoria atom. |
| Example: | |
x = PI -- x is 3.141592653589793238 | |
| See Also: | sin, cos, tan |
| Syntax: | x3 = power(x1, x2) |
| Description: | Raise x1 to the power x2 |
| Comments: | The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The
rules for operations on sequences apply.
Powers of 2 are calculated very efficiently. |
| Example 1: | |
? power(5, 2) -- 25 is printed | |
| Example 2: | |
? power({5, 4, 3.5}, {2, 1, -0.5})
-- {25, 4, 0.534522} is printed
| |
| Example 3: | |
? power(2, {1, 2, 3, 4})
-- {2, 4, 8, 16}
| |
| Example 4: | |
? power({1, 2, 3, 4}, 2)
-- {1, 4, 9, 16}
| |
| See Also: | log, sqrt |
| Syntax: | include math.e x2 = rad2deg(x1) |
| Description: | Convert an angle measured in radians to an angle measured in degrees |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or sequence. |
| Example: | |
x = rad2deg(3.385938749) -- x is 194 | |
| See Also: | deg2rad |
| Syntax: | x2 = rand(x1) |
| Description: | Return a random integer from 1 to x1, where x1 may be from 1 to the largest positive value of type integer (1073741823). |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
s = rand({10, 20, 30})
-- s might be: {5, 17, 23} or {9, 3, 12} etc.
| |
| See Also: | set_rand |
| Syntax: | include math.e i3 = rand_range(i1, i2) |
| Description: | Return a random integer from i1 to i2, where i1 may be from 1 to the largest positive value of type integer (1073741823). |
| Example: | |
s = rand_range(18, 24) -- s might be: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 | |
| See Also: | set_rand, rand |
| Syntax: | x3 = remainder(x1, x2) |
| Description: | Compute the remainder after dividing x1 by x2. The result will have the same sign as x1, and the magnitude of the result will be less than the magnitude of x2. |
| Comments: | The arguments to this function may be atoms or sequences. The rules for operations on sequences apply. |
| Example 1: | |
a = remainder(9, 4) -- a is 1 | |
| Example 2: | |
s = remainder({81, -3.5, -9, 5.5}, {8, -1.7, 2, -4})
-- s is {1, -0.1, -1, 1.5}
| |
| Example 3: | |
s = remainder({17, 12, 34}, 16)
-- s is {1, 12, 2}
| |
| Example 4: | |
s = remainder(16, {2, 3, 5})
-- s is {0, 1, 1}
| |
| See Also: | ceil, floor, round, round_to |
| Syntax: | i = round(x) |
| Description: | Return the argument's elements rounded to the nearest integer. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
round({4.12, 4.67, -5.8, -5.21}) -- {4, 5, -6, -5}
round(12.2) -- 12
| |
| See Also: | ceil, floor, remainder, round_to |
| Syntax: | a = round_to(x, i) |
| Description: | Return the argument's elements rounded to i precision. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
round_to({4.12, 4.67, -5.8, -5.21}, 10) -- {4.1, 4.7, -5.8, -5.2}
round_to(12.2512, 100) -- 12.25
| |
| See Also: | ceil, floor, remainder, round |
| Syntax: | include machine.e set_rand(i1) |
| Description: | Set the random number generator to a certain state, i1, so that you will get a known series of random numbers on subsequent calls to rand(). |
| Comments: | Normally the numbers returned by the rand() function are totally unpredictable, and will be different each time you run your program. Sometimes however you may wish to repeat the same series of numbers, perhaps because you are trying to debug your program, or maybe you want the ability to generate the same output (e.g. a random picture) for your user upon request. |
| Example: | |
sequence s, t s = repeat(0, 3) t = s set_rand(12345) s[1] = rand(10) s[2] = rand(100) s[3] = rand(1000) set_rand(12345) -- same value for set_rand() t[1] = rand(10) -- same arguments to rand() as before t[2] = rand(100) t[3] = rand(1000) -- at this point s and t will be identical | |
| See Also: | rand |
| Syntax: | include math.e i = sign(x) |
| Description: | Return -1, 0 or 1 for each element according to it being negative, zero or positive |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
i = sign(5) -- i is 1 i = sign(0) -- i is 0 i = sign(-2) -- i is -1 | |
| See Also: | abs |
| Syntax: | x2 = sin(x1) |
| Description: | Return the sine of x1, where x1 is in radians. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
sin_x = sin({.5, .9, .11})
-- sin_x is {.479, .783, .110}
| |
| See Also: | cos, tan |
| Syntax: | x2 = sqrt(x1) |
| Description: | Calculate the square root of x1. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements
of a sequence.
Taking the square root of a negative number will abort your program with a run-time error message. |
| Example: | |
r = sqrt(16) -- r is 4 | |
| See Also: | log, power |
| Syntax | include math.e a = sum(x) |
| Description | Compute the sum of all the argument's elements |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence |
| Example: | |
a = sum({10, 20, 30})
-- a is 60
a = sum({10.5, 11.2, 8.1})
-- a is 29.8
| |
| See Also: | average, max, min |
| Syntax: | x2 = tan(x1) |
| Description: | Return the tangent of x1, where x1 is in radians. |
| Comments: | This function may be applied to an atom or to all elements of a sequence. |
| Example: | |
t = tan(1.0) -- t is 1.55741 | |
| See Also: | sin, cos, arctan |